1300-1400 CE
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Israel is Ruled from Egypt by Muslim Mamluks
In the 14th century under Mamluk rule, Jewish communities thrived across Israel, with major centers in Safed and Jerusalem and continued immigration from Europe.
The Land of Israel continued under Mamluk Rule during the 14th Century. Calm was restored, and renewed Jewish settlement was permitted. From contemporary letters and travel logs from this century, we know that 15 Jewish communities existed in Lod, Ramleh, Hebron, Mitzpeh, Gaza, Beit She'an, and Gush Halav, with Tsfat (Safed) and Jerusalem having the largest communities, with 300 and 250 families, respectively.
All members of a household worked, with occupations such as goldsmiths and silk weavers mentioned in letters. Newcomers to the country related that the Jews in the Land were still respected Torah scholars, continuing daily prayers, and were of noble conduct.
Despite difficult circumstances on the ground, the inquisition machine and expulsions ensured a steady flow of Aliyah (immigration) from Europe to Israel.
